MongoDB 索引的最佳实践

前言

大部分开发者都知道加索引会快。但实际过程中，我们常碰到一些疑问&困难：

我们查询的字段会各种 case 都有，是不是各个涉及查询的字段都要加索引？
复合索引和单字段怎么选择，都加还是每一个的单个字段就好了？
加索引有没有副作用？
索引都加了，但还是不够快？怎么办？

本文尝试去解释索引的基本知识&解答上述的疑问。

一、索引究竟是什么东西？

大部分开发者接触索引，大概知道索引类似书的目录，你要找到想要的内容，通过目录找到限定的关键字，进而找到对应的章节的 pageno，再找到具体的内容。
在数据结构里面，最简单的索引实现类似 hashmap，通过关键字 key，映射到具体的位置，找到具体的内容。但除了 hash 的方式，还有多种的方式实现索引。

（一）索引的多种实现方式以及特色

hash / b-tree / b+-tree redis HSET / MongoDB&PostgreSQL / MySQL

hashmap

一图见 b-tree & b+-tree 差别：

b+-tree 叶子存数据，非叶子存索引，不存数据，叶子间有 link
b-tree 非叶子可存数据

算法查找复杂度上来说：

hash 接近 O(1)
b-tree O(1)~ O(Log(n))更快的平均查找时间，不稳定的查询时间
b+ tree O(Log(n)) 连续数据，查询的稳定性

至于为何 MongoDB 的实现选择 b-tree 而非 b+-tree ？
网上多篇文章有阐述，非本文重点。

（二）数据&索引的存储

index 尽量存储在内存，data 其次。
注意只保留必要的 index，内存尽量用在刀刃上。
如果 index memory 都接近占满 memory，那么就很容易读到 disk，速度就下来了。

（三）知道索引的实现&存储原理后的思考

insert/update/delete 会触发 rebalance tree，所以，增删改数据，索引会触发修改，性能会有损耗，索引不是越多越好。既然如此，选哪些字段作为索引呢？当查询用到这些条件，怎么办？
拿一个最简单的 hashmap 来讲，为什么复杂度不是 O(1)，而是所谓接近 O(1)。因为有 key 冲突 /重复，DB 去找的时候，key 冲突的数据一大堆的话，还是得轮着继续找。b-tree 看键(key)的选择也是如此。
因此一个大部分开发经常犯的错就是对没有区分度的 key 建索引。例如：很多就只有集中类别的 type/status 的 documents count 达几十万以上的 collection，通常这种索引没什么帮助。

二、复合索引

（一）复合索引不是越多越好

如果不想多建多余的索引，开发的同事在复合 & 单个字段选择上有时候挺纠结的。根据典型碰到的场景，来做几个实验：
这里创建了个 loans collection。简化只有 100 条数据。这个是借贷的表有 _id, userId, status(借贷状态), amount(金额).

db.loans.count()100

db.loans.find({ "userId" : "59e022d33f239800129c61c7", "status" : "repayed", }).explain()
{
"queryPlanner" : {
"plannerVersion" : 1,
"namespace" : "cashLoan.loans",
"indexFilterSet" : false,
"parsedQuery" : {
 "$and" : [
   {
     "status" : {
       "$eq" : "repayed"
     }
   },
   {
     "userId" : {
       "$eq" : "59e022d33f239800129c61c7"
     }
   }
 ]
},
"queryHash" : "15D5A9A1",
"planCacheKey" : "15D5A9A1",
"winningPlan" : {
 "stage" : "COLLSCAN",
 "filter" : {
   "$and" : [
     {
       "status" : {
         "$eq" : "repayed"
       }
     },
     {
       "userId" : {
         "$eq" : "59e022d33f239800129c61c7"
       }
     }
   ]
 },
 "direction" : "forward"
},
"rejectedPlans" : [ ]
},
"serverInfo" : {
"host" : "RMBAP",
"port" : 27017,
"version" : "4.1.11",
"gitVersion" : "1b8a9f5dc5c3314042b55e7415a2a25045b32a94"
},
"ok" : 1
}

注意上面 COLLSCAN 全表扫描了,因为没有索引。接下来我们分别建立几个索引。
step 1 先建立 {userId:1, status:1}

db.loans.createIndex({userId:1, status:1})
{
"createdCollectionAutomatically" : false,
"numIndexesBefore" : 1,
"numIndexesAfter" : 2,
"ok" : 1
}

db.loans.find({ "userId" : "59e022d33f239800129c61c7", "status" : "repayed", }).explain()
{
"queryPlanner" : {
"plannerVersion" : 1,
"namespace" : "cashLoan.loans",
"indexFilterSet" : false,
"parsedQuery" : {
 "$and" : [
   {
     "status" : {
       "$eq" : "repayed"
     }
   },
   {
     "userId" : {
       "$eq" : "59e022d33f239800129c61c7"
     }
   }
 ]
},
"queryHash" : "15D5A9A1",
"planCacheKey" : "BB87F2BA",
"winningPlan" : {
 "stage" : "FETCH",
 "inputStage" : {
   "stage" : "IXSCAN",
   "keyPattern" : {
     "userId" : 1,
     "status" : 1
   },
   "indexName" : "userId_1_status_1",
   "isMultiKey" : false,
   "multiKeyPaths" : {
     "userId" : [ ],
     "status" : [ ]
   },
   "isUnique" : false,
   "isSparse" : false,
   "isPartial" : false,
   "indexVersion" : 2,
   "direction" : "forward",
   "indexBounds" : {
     "userId" : [
       "["59e022d33f239800129c61c7", "59e022d33f239800129c61c7"]"
     ],
     "status" : [
       "["repayed", "repayed"]"
     ]
   }
 }
},
"rejectedPlans" : [ ]
},
"serverInfo" : {
"host" : "RMBAP",
"port" : 27017,
"version" : "4.1.11",
"gitVersion" : "1b8a9f5dc5c3314042b55e7415a2a25045b32a94"
},
"ok" : 1
}

结果：如愿命中 {userId:1, status:1} 作为 winning plan。

step2：再建立个典型的索引 userId

db.loans.createIndex({userId:1})
{
"createdCollectionAutomatically" : false,
"numIndexesBefore" : 2,
"numIndexesAfter" : 3,
"ok" : 1
}

db.loans.find({ "userId" : "59e022d33f239800129c61c7", "status" : "repayed", }).explain()
{
"queryPlanner" : {
"plannerVersion" : 1,
"namespace" : "cashLoan.loans",
"indexFilterSet" : false,
"parsedQuery" : {
 "$and" : [
   {
     "status" : {
       "$eq" : "repayed"
     }
   },
   {
     "userId" : {
       "$eq" : "59e022d33f239800129c61c7"
     }
   }
 ]
},
"queryHash" : "15D5A9A1",
"planCacheKey" : "1B1A4861",
"winningPlan" : {
 "stage" : "FETCH",
 "inputStage" : {
   "stage" : "IXSCAN",
   "keyPattern" : {
     "userId" : 1,
     "status" : 1
   },
   "indexName" : "userId_1_status_1",
   "isMultiKey" : false,
   "multiKeyPaths" : {
     "userId" : [ ],
     "status" : [ ]
   },
   "isUnique" : false,
   "isSparse" : false,
   "isPartial" : false,
   "indexVersion" : 2,
   "direction" : "forward",
   "indexBounds" : {
     "userId" : [
       "[\"59e022d33f239800129c61c7\", \"59e022d33f239800129c61c7\"]"
     ],
     "status" : [
       "[\"repayed\", \"repayed\"]"
     ]
   }
 }
},
"rejectedPlans" : [
 {
   "stage" : "FETCH",
   "filter" : {
     "status" : {
       "$eq" : "repayed"
     }
   },
   "inputStage" : {
     "stage" : "IXSCAN",
     "keyPattern" : {
       "userId" : 1
     },
     "indexName" : "userId_1",
     "isMultiKey" : false,
     "multiKeyPaths" : {
       "userId" : [ ]
     },
     "isUnique" : false,
     "isSparse" : false,
     "isPartial" : false,
     "indexVersion" : 2,
     "direction" : "forward",
     "indexBounds" : {
       "userId" : [
         "["59e022d33f239800129c61c7", "59e022d33f239800129c61c7"]"
       ]
     }
   }
 }
]
},
"serverInfo" : {
"host" : "RMBAP",
"port" : 27017,
"version" : "4.1.11",
"gitVersion" : "1b8a9f5dc5c3314042b55e7415a2a25045b32a94"
},
"ok" : 1
}

留意到 DB 检测到 {userId:1, status:1} 为更优执行的方案.

db.loans.find({ "userId" : "59e022d33f239800129c61c7" }).explain()
{
"queryPlanner" : {
"plannerVersion" : 1,
"namespace" : "cashLoan.loans",
"indexFilterSet" : false,
"parsedQuery" : {
 "userId" : {
   "$eq" : "59e022d33f239800129c61c7"
 }
},
"queryHash" : "B1777DBA",
"planCacheKey" : "1F09D68E",
"winningPlan" : {
 "stage" : "FETCH",
 "inputStage" : {
   "stage" : "IXSCAN",
   "keyPattern" : {
     "userId" : 1
   },
   "indexName" : "userId_1",
   "isMultiKey" : false,
   "multiKeyPaths" : {
     "userId" : [ ]
   },
   "isUnique" : false,
   "isSparse" : false,
   "isPartial" : false,
   "indexVersion" : 2,
   "direction" : "forward",
   "indexBounds" : {
     "userId" : [
       "["59e022d33f239800129c61c7", "59e022d33f239800129c61c7"]"
     ]
   }
 }
},
"rejectedPlans" : [
 {
   "stage" : "FETCH",
   "inputStage" : {
     "stage" : "IXSCAN",
     "keyPattern" : {
       "userId" : 1,
       "status" : 1
     },
     "indexName" : "userId_1_status_1",
     "isMultiKey" : false,
     "multiKeyPaths" : {
       "userId" : [ ],
       "status" : [ ]
     },
     "isUnique" : false,
     "isSparse" : false,
     "isPartial" : false,
     "indexVersion" : 2,
     "direction" : "forward",
     "indexBounds" : {
       "userId" : [
         "["59e022d33f239800129c61c7", "59e022d33f239800129c61c7"]"
       ],
       "status" : [
         "[MinKey, MaxKey]"
       ]
     }
   }
 }
]
},
"serverInfo" : {
"host" : "RMBAP",
"port" : 27017,
"version" : "4.1.11",
"gitVersion" : "1b8a9f5dc5c3314042b55e7415a2a25045b32a94"
},
"ok" : 1
}

留意到 DB 检测到 {userId:1} 为更优执行的方案，嗯~，如我们所料.

db.loans.find({ "status" : "repayed" }).explain()
{
"queryPlanner" : {
"plannerVersion" : 1,
"namespace" : "cashLoan.loans",
"indexFilterSet" : false,
"parsedQuery" : {
 "status" : {
   "$eq" : "repayed"
 }
},
"queryHash" : "E6304EB6",
"planCacheKey" : "7A94191B",
"winningPlan" : {
 "stage" : "COLLSCAN",
 "filter" : {
   "status" : {
     "$eq" : "repayed"
   }
 },
 "direction" : "forward"
},
"rejectedPlans" : [ ]
},
"serverInfo" : {
"host" : "RMBAP",
"port" : 27017,
"version" : "4.1.11",
"gitVersion" : "1b8a9f5dc5c3314042b55e7415a2a25045b32a94"
},
"ok" : 1
}

有趣的部分：status 不命中索引，全表扫描
接下来的步骤，加个 sort :


db.loans.find({ "userId" : "59e022d33f239800129c61c7" }).sort({status:1}).explain()
{
"queryPlanner" : {
"plannerVersion" : 1,
"namespace" : "cashLoan.loans",
"indexFilterSet" : false,
"parsedQuery" : {
 "userId" : {
   "$eq" : "59e022d33f239800129c61c7"
 }
},
"queryHash" : "F5ABB1AA",
"planCacheKey" : "764CBAA8",
"winningPlan" : {
 "stage" : "FETCH",
 "inputStage" : {
   "stage" : "IXSCAN",
   "keyPattern" : {
     "userId" : 1,
     "status" : 1
   },
   "indexName" : "userId_1_status_1",
   "isMultiKey" : false,
   "multiKeyPaths" : {
     "userId" : [ ],
     "status" : [ ]
   },
   "isUnique" : false,
   "isSparse" : false,
   "isPartial" : false,
   "indexVersion" : 2,
   "direction" : "forward",
   "indexBounds" : {
     "userId" : [
       "["59e022d33f239800129c61c7", "59e022d33f239800129c61c7"]"
     ],
     "status" : [
       "[MinKey, MaxKey]"
     ]
   }
 }
},
"rejectedPlans" : [
 {
   "stage" : "SORT",
   "sortPattern" : {
     "status" : 1
   },
   "inputStage" : {
     "stage" : "SORT_KEY_GENERATOR",
     "inputStage" : {
       "stage" : "FETCH",
       "inputStage" : {
         "stage" : "IXSCAN",
         "keyPattern" : {
           "userId" : 1
         },
         "indexName" : "userId_1",
         "isMultiKey" : false,
         "multiKeyPaths" : {
           "userId" : [ ]
         },
         "isUnique" : false,
         "isSparse" : false,
         "isPartial" : false,
         "indexVersion" : 2,
         "direction" : "forward",
         "indexBounds" : {
           "userId" : [
             "["59e022d33f239800129c61c7", "59e022d33f239800129c61c7"]"
           ]
         }
       }
     }
   }
 }
]
},
"serverInfo" : {
"host" : "RMBAP",
"port" : 27017,
"version" : "4.1.11",
"gitVersion" : "1b8a9f5dc5c3314042b55e7415a2a25045b32a94"
},
"ok" : 1
}

（二）其他尝试

有趣的部分：status 不命中索引

db.loans.find({ "status" : "repayed","userId" : "59e022d33f239800129c61c7", }).explain()
{
"queryPlanner" : {
"plannerVersion" : 1,
"namespace" : "cashLoan.loans",
"indexFilterSet" : false,
"parsedQuery" : {
 "$and" : [
   {
     "status" : {
       "$eq" : "repayed"
     }
   },
   {
     "userId" : {
       "$eq" : "59e022d33f239800129c61c7"
     }
   }
 ]
},
"queryHash" : "15D5A9A1",
"planCacheKey" : "1B1A4861",
"winningPlan" : {
 "stage" : "FETCH",
 "inputStage" : {
   "stage" : "IXSCAN",
   "keyPattern" : {
     "userId" : 1,
     "status" : 1
   },
   "indexName" : "userId_1_status_1",
   "isMultiKey" : false,
   "multiKeyPaths" : {
     "userId" : [ ],
     "status" : [ ]
   },
   "isUnique" : false,
   "isSparse" : false,
   "isPartial" : false,
   "indexVersion" : 2,
   "direction" : "forward",
   "indexBounds" : {
     "userId" : [
       "[\"59e022d33f239800129c61c7\", \"59e022d33f239800129c61c7\"]"
     ],
     "status" : [
       "[\"repayed\", \"repayed\"]"
     ]
   }
 }
},
"rejectedPlans" : [
 {
   "stage" : "FETCH",
   "filter" : {
     "status" : {
       "$eq" : "repayed"
     }
   },
   "inputStage" : {
     "stage" : "IXSCAN",
     "keyPattern" : {
       "userId" : 1
     },
     "indexName" : "userId_1",
     "isMultiKey" : false,
     "multiKeyPaths" : {
       "userId" : [ ]
     },
     "isUnique" : false,
     "isSparse" : false,
     "isPartial" : false,
     "indexVersion" : 2,
     "direction" : "forward",
     "indexBounds" : {
       "userId" : [
         "["59e022d33f239800129c61c7", "59e022d33f239800129c61c7"]"
       ]
     }
   }
 }
]
},
"serverInfo" : {
"host" : "RMBAP",
"port" : 27017,
"version" : "4.1.11",
"gitVersion" : "1b8a9f5dc5c3314042b55e7415a2a25045b32a94"
},
"ok" : 1
}

命中索引，跟 query 的各个字段顺序不相关，如我们猜测。
有趣部分再来，我们删掉索引{userId:1}

db.loans.dropIndex({"userId":1})
{ "nIndexesWas" : 3, "ok" : 1 }

db.loans.find({"userId" : "59e022d33f239800129c61c7", }).explain()
{
"queryPlanner" : {
"plannerVersion" : 1,
"namespace" : "cashLoan.loans",
"indexFilterSet" : false,
"parsedQuery" : {
 "userId" : {
   "$eq" : "59e022d33f239800129c61c7"
 }
},
"queryHash" : "B1777DBA",
"planCacheKey" : "5776AB9C",
"winningPlan" : {
 "stage" : "FETCH",
 "inputStage" : {
   "stage" : "IXSCAN",
   "keyPattern" : {
     "userId" : 1,
     "status" : 1
   },
   "indexName" : "userId_1_status_1",
   "isMultiKey" : false,
   "multiKeyPaths" : {
     "userId" : [ ],
     "status" : [ ]
   },
   "isUnique" : false,
   "isSparse" : false,
   "isPartial" : false,
   "indexVersion" : 2,
   "direction" : "forward",
   "indexBounds" : {
     "userId" : [
       "["59e022d33f239800129c61c7", "59e022d33f239800129c61c7"]"
     ],
     "status" : [
       "[MinKey, MaxKey]"
     ]
   }
 }
},
"rejectedPlans" : [ ]
},
"serverInfo" : {
"host" : "RMBAP",
"port" : 27017,
"version" : "4.1.11",
"gitVersion" : "1b8a9f5dc5c3314042b55e7415a2a25045b32a94"
},
"ok" : 1
}

DB 执行分析器觉得索引{userId:1, status:1} 能更优,没有命中复合索引，这个是因为 status 不是 leading field。

db.loans.find({ "status" : "repayed" }).explain()
{
"queryPlanner" : {
"plannerVersion" : 1,
"namespace" : "cashLoan.loans",
"indexFilterSet" : false,
"parsedQuery" : {
 "status" : {
   "$eq" : "repayed"
 }
},
"queryHash" : "E6304EB6",
"planCacheKey" : "7A94191B",
"winningPlan" : {
 "stage" : "COLLSCAN",
 "filter" : {
   "status" : {
     "$eq" : "repayed"
   }
 },
 "direction" : "forward"
},
"rejectedPlans" : [ ]
},
"serverInfo" : {
"host" : "RMBAP",
"port" : 27017,
"version" : "4.1.11",
"gitVersion" : "1b8a9f5dc5c3314042b55e7415a2a25045b32a94"
},
"ok" : 1
}

再换个角度 sort 一遍，与前面 query & sort 互换，之前是：

db.loans.find({userId:1}).sort({ "status" : "repayed" })

看看有啥不一样？

db.loans.find({ "status" : "repayed" }).sort({userId:1}).explain()
{
"queryPlanner" : {
"plannerVersion" : 1,
"namespace" : "cashLoan.loans",
"indexFilterSet" : false,
"parsedQuery" : {
 "status" : {
   "$eq" : "repayed"
 }
},
"queryHash" : "56EA6313",
"planCacheKey" : "2CFCDA7F",
"winningPlan" : {
 "stage" : "FETCH",
 "filter" : {
   "status" : {
     "$eq" : "repayed"
   }
 },
 "inputStage" : {
   "stage" : "IXSCAN",
   "keyPattern" : {
     "userId" : 1,
     "status" : 1
   },
   "indexName" : "userId_1_status_1",
   "isMultiKey" : false,
   "multiKeyPaths" : {
     "userId" : [ ],
     "status" : [ ]
   },
   "isUnique" : false,
   "isSparse" : false,
   "isPartial" : false,
   "indexVersion" : 2,
   "direction" : "forward",
   "indexBounds" : {
     "userId" : [
       "[MinKey, MaxKey]"
     ],
     "status" : [
       "[MinKey, MaxKey]"
     ]
   }
 }
},
"rejectedPlans" : [ ]
},
"serverInfo" : {
"host" : "RMBAP",
"port" : 27017,
"version" : "4.1.11",
"gitVersion" : "1b8a9f5dc5c3314042b55e7415a2a25045b32a94"
},
"ok" : 1
}

如猜测，命中索引。
再来玩玩，确认下 leading filed 试验：

db.loans.dropIndex("userId_1_status_1")
{ "nIndexesWas" : 2, "ok" : 1 }

db.loans.getIndexes()
[
{
"v" : 2,
"key" : {
 "id" : 1
},
"name" : "id_",
"ns" : "cashLoan.loans"
}
]

db.loans.createIndex({status:1, userId:1})
{
"createdCollectionAutomatically" : false,
"numIndexesBefore" : 1,
"numIndexesAfter" : 2,
"ok" : 1
}

db.loans.getIndexes()
[
{
"v" : 2,
"key" : {
 "id" : 1
},
"name" : "id_",
"ns" : "cashLoan.loans"
},
{
"v" : 2,
"key" : {
 "status" : 1,
 "userId" : 1
},
"name" : "status_1_userId_1",
"ns" : "cashLoan.loans"
}
]

db.loans.find({ "status" : "repayed" }).explain()
{
"queryPlanner" : {
"plannerVersion" : 1,
"namespace" : "cashLoan.loans",
"indexFilterSet" : false,
"parsedQuery" : {
 "status" : {
   "$eq" : "repayed"
 }
},
"queryHash" : "E6304EB6",
"planCacheKey" : "7A94191B",
"winningPlan" : {
 "stage" : "FETCH",
 "inputStage" : {
   "stage" : "IXSCAN",
   "keyPattern" : {
     "status" : 1,
     "userId" : 1
   },
   "indexName" : "status_1_userId_1",
   "isMultiKey" : false,
   "multiKeyPaths" : {
     "status" : [ ],
     "userId" : [ ]
   },
   "isUnique" : false,
   "isSparse" : false,
   "isPartial" : false,
   "indexVersion" : 2,
   "direction" : "forward",
   "indexBounds" : {
     "status" : [
       "["repayed", "repayed"]"
     ],
     "userId" : [
       "[MinKey, MaxKey]"
     ]
   }
 }
},
"rejectedPlans" : [ ]
},
"serverInfo" : {
"host" : "RMBAP",
"port" : 27017,
"version" : "4.1.11",
"gitVersion" : "1b8a9f5dc5c3314042b55e7415a2a25045b32a94"
},
"ok" : 1
}

db.loans.getIndexes()
[
{
"v" : 2,
"key" : {
 "id" : 1
},
"name" : "id_",
"ns" : "cashLoan.loans"
},
{
"v" : 2,
"key" : {
 "status" : 1,
 "userId" : 1
},
"name" : "status_1_userId_1",
"ns" : "cashLoan.loans"
}
]

db.loans.find({"userId" : "59e022d33f239800129c61c7", }).explain()
{
"queryPlanner" : {
"plannerVersion" : 1,
"namespace" : "cashLoan.loans",
"indexFilterSet" : false,
"parsedQuery" : {
 "userId" : {
   "$eq" : "59e022d33f239800129c61c7"
 }
},
"queryHash" : "B1777DBA",
"planCacheKey" : "5776AB9C",
"winningPlan" : {
 "stage" : "COLLSCAN",
 "filter" : {
   "userId" : {
     "$eq" : "59e022d33f239800129c61c7"
   }
 },
 "direction" : "forward"
},
"rejectedPlans" : [ ]
},
"serverInfo" : {
"host" : "RMBAP",
"port" : 27017,
"version" : "4.1.11",
"gitVersion" : "1b8a9f5dc5c3314042b55e7415a2a25045b32a94"
},
"ok" : 1
}

看完这个试验，明白了 {userId:1, status:1} vs {status:1,userId:1} 的差别了吗？

PS：这个 case 里面其实 status 区分度不高，这里只是作为实例展示。

三、总结：

注意使用上、使用频率上、区分高的 /常用的在前面；
如果需要减少索引以节省 memory/提高修改数据的性能的话，可以保留区分度高，常用的，去除区分度不高，不常用的索引。
学会用 explain （）验证分析性能：

DB 一般都有执行器优化的分析，MySQL & MongoDB 都是用 explain 来做分析。
语法上 MySQL :

explain your_sql

MongoDB:

yoursql.explain()

总结典型：理想的查询是结合 explain 的指标，他们通常是多个的混合:

IXSCAN : 索引命中；
Limit : 带 limit ；
Projection : 相当于非 select * ；
Docs Size less is better ；
Docs Examined less is better ；
nReturned=totalDocsExamined=totalKeysExamined ；
SORT in index：sort 也是命中索引，否则，需要拿到数据后，再执行一遍排序；
Limit Array elements：限定数组返回的条数，数组也不应该太多数据，否则 schema 设计不合理。

彩蛋

文末，还有最开头 1 个问题没回答：如果我的索引改加的都加了，还不够快,怎么办？
留个悬念，之后再写一篇。